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WHAT RECENTLY HAPPENED? A constitutional bench of supreme court made rules very easy for SC/ST so that they can get promotion very easily in Government jobs . Here, Supreme court modified 2006 M.Nagaraj Judgment. FROM WHERE ALL THIS STARTS ? In 1992 , Supreme court gave judgement on case called ' Indra Sawhney & Others  Vs. Union of India case ' OR ' Mandal case'   [ OBC RESERVATION] In this, Supreme court told there is no need to creamy layer test for SC/ST . They will get quota/reservation in government jobs. That was Good News for SC/ST and SC/ST welcome this scheme. Like, In OBC Reservation, if a person is in a Creamy Layer - He/she will not get any reservation. But in SC/ST - If a person is in Creamy Layer - Still he/she get reservation (as per 1992 SC Judgement) Also, In 1992 , SC told, There is no need of Reservation in Promotion for SC/ST As Since, 1950 SC/ST enjoying the facility of reservation in appointment and promotion in Governme

BACKGROUND In Kerala, we have 'Periyar Tiger Reserve' and ' Sabarimala Sri Ayyappa Temple ' located near ' Periyar Tiger Reserve ' in the western ghats mountain ranges of Pathanamthitta District. It is one of the largest annual pilgrimages in the world with an estimated 45-50 million devotees visiting every year. Near this temple, There is a River called 'Pampa River' which is Kerla's third largest river. It is the temple of the Lord Ayyappan. People have string belief  with this. One of the belief is that In the 12th century, Manikandan, a prince of Pandalam Dynasty meditated at Sabarimala temple and became one with the divine. Manikandan was an avatar of   ' Ayyappan '. [This is a belief of People] Lord Ayyappan - Hindu God - Belief that the deity is a 'Naishtika Brahmachari (eternal celibate i.e. abstaining from marriage and sexual relations, typically for religious reasons.] The devotee who wants to vis

BACKGROUND   WHAT WAS UNDER SECTION 497 AND SECTION 198(II) Example: Case 1 :-   Let's suppose  there is one married couple (A( Male ) & B( Female )). and there is third person C( Male ).  A don't know B has sexual relation with C. and C knows B is married woman.  C even after knowing that B is married to A, they are in sexual relation. Let's suppose, after some time, A got to know that B(his wife) is in a sexual relationship between C(Third Man). So, Husband( A ) can complaint a file and get C punished under section 497 , But they can't do any case on his wife(B) But they can took Divorce (if A has evidence) Case 2 :- Let's suppose  there is one married couple (A( Male ) & B( Female )). and there is third person C( Female ).  and C knows A is married to B. But still C(Third woman) is in sexual relation ship with A(Man) Let's suppose after some time, B(Married Female) got to know that her husband(A) is in sexual relationship w

WHAT IS NRI BOND AND WHY THESE ARE IN NEWS ? BOND Let's suppose Amitabh Bachchan has Rs 100 Crore (Indian Currency) and he want to invest to grow this money. So, what he will do, He will invest in any of the below option. Stock Market Mutual Fund Bank/FD etc and many more. Let's suppose Bachchan ji choose FD option, so Bank will provide max 7 % interest rate so on 100 Crore. He will get 7 Crore. But - There is some alternative also to invest the money i.e. BOND . (Almost every country in the world issued the bond). BOND is basically investment tool and return is better than Bank Deposits. In India, BOND issued by RBI. Let's suppose in BOND, RBI offered Yield (Yield is term used in BOND same as of Interest in FD) 9% so on 100 Crore - Bachchan ji will get 9 crore. But, There is a catch here - BOND is basically for long period . Here, we quote example of Amitabh ji (with Indian currency) NRI BOND Now, Suppose India Government wants to attrac

WHAT JUST HAPPENED? United Nations Development Programme(UNDP) released the MPI (Multidimensional Poverty Index) 2018. As per the index, India has reduced   poverty index by almost half in a decade between 2005-06 to 2015-16. The MPI index was reduced from 54.7 percent to 27.5 percent. The UNDP and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative noted that there are 271 million lesser poor people in India However, though the country had been successful in reducing the poverty index, Still 364 millions continue to experience acute deprivations  in health , nutrition , schooling and sanitation . HOW MANY COUNTRIES SURVEY & HOW MUCH POPULATION Multidimensional Poverty Index covers 104 developing countries and 74 percent of the global population .  They identified by looking in three dimension, via 10 different indicators: Health Education Living Standards WHO DEVELOP MPI MPI jointly developed by the United Nations Development Programme (

BACKGROUND Construction of New Airports and the rejuvenation of Old Airports is being done under UDAN scheme. ('Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik') WHAT JUST HAPPENED? Since Independence, Sikkim was the only state which does not have own Airport.  Finally, Sikkim is now part of India's aviation map as Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the State's first airport at Pakyong on Sep 24.  Coincidentally, This is also the 100th Airport in India. The Greenfield Airport , located 30 KM from the capital Gangtok . The airport name is not 'Greenfield' - Greenfield is a category /Tag/Title. This title for those airport which developed   by keeping environment factors in mind. Another Example of Greenfield Airport - Rajiv Gandhi International Airport , Hyderabad (Built in 2008) - This Airport in 2018 has received the 'Airports Council Internationals Airport Service Quality (ASQ) World No 1. Airport Award Trophy. PAKYONG AIRPORT Paky

HOW ALL THIS BEGAN ? In 2016 : IAF Chief gave a statement that, India needs 200-250 medium  fighter aircrafts . India has many aircrafts but they are retiring somewhere from present to 2024 . In 1999 India lost two fighter jets (MiG21) during the Kargil War in 1999. MiG21 got one infamous name - ' Flying coffin '  (Because due to engine failure they fall easily in some village) These MiG21 is failure for India. Their performance are not upto the mark. In 2000  We see some ray of hope in ' Dassault Mirage aircraft' and it used during Operation Safed Sagar (One of the Kargil's operation). This impressed Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ji. So, Vajpayee ji decided to talk with Dassault (Company Name) to buy some more aircraft. But Dassault replied they have stopped it's manufacturing as this is now an old model. Now, Problem with India is - Either they go ahead with MiG21 (With which India has Bad Experience) or purchase some other Russian

BACKGROUND The Supreme Court in August, 2017 declared the practice of instant triple talaq unconstitutional and wanted Parliament to bring in legislation governing Muslim marriages and divorce. The government introduced  The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill  to give statutory form to the Supreme Court verdict. The Bill sought to criminalize instant triple talaq and make it a punishable offence. The Bill was passed in Lok Sabha but is pending in the Upper House as opposition parties wanted it to be sent to a select committee for further discussion. WHAT JUST HAPPENED The Union Cabinet cleared an ordinance that makes  talaq-e-biddat , or instant triple talaq, a criminal offence that will attract a maximum jail term of three years. President Ram Nath Kovind later in the day gave his assent. Ordinance [ Article - 123 ] is a special power with government with that they can implement any bill, bypassing  the parliament and with assent of Pr